1) Function vs Method

A function is a reusable set of instructions defined using the def keyword. For example:

def my_function(x):

print('apple')

print('orange')

print(x)

my_function(100) # Output: apple, orange, 100

In this snippet, my_function is a function that executes when called. In contrast, a method is a function associated with a class object:

class Dog:

def bark(self):

print('woof')

dog = Dog()

dog.bark() # Output: woof

Here, bark is a method belonging to the Dog class.

2) Class vs Object vs Instance

In Python, an object is an entity that contains both data and methods. A class serves as a blueprint for creating objects. For instance:

class Dog:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

rocky = Dog('rocky', 4) # Creating an object

fifi = Dog('fifi', 5) # Another object

In this example, rocky and fifi are instances of the Dog class.

3) Arguments vs Parameters

When defining a function, the terms used inside the parentheses are parameters:

def add(a, b):

return a + b

x = add(4, 5) # Here, 4 and 5 are arguments

In this case, a and b are parameters, while 4 and 5 are the arguments passed during the function call.

4) Dunder Methods vs Magic Methods

Magic methods, or dunder methods (short for "double underscore"), are special methods that typically start and end with two underscores:

class Dog:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

def __str__(self):

return f'Dog({self.name=}, {self.age=})'

These methods define specific behaviors for objects, like how they are created or represented as strings.

5) Attribute vs Variable

In Python, a variable is a named memory location that can hold a value:

x = 4

y = 5

In contrast, an attribute is a variable that exists within an object:

class Dog:

def __init__(self, name, age):

self.name = name

self.age = age

rocky = Dog('rocky', 4)

print(rocky.name) # Output: rocky

print(rocky.age) # Output: 4

Here, name and age are attributes of the Dog object rocky.

6) Concatenation vs Addition

The + operator serves dual purposes in Python. When used with numbers, it performs addition:

x = 4 + 5 # Output: 9

However, when applied to strings, it concatenates them:

x = '4' + '5' # Output: '45'

7) Operator vs Keyword

Keywords are reserved words in Python that cannot be used as variable names. You can view all Python keywords programmatically:

import keyword

print(keyword.kwlist)

Operators, on the other hand, perform actions on variables. For example:

• (addition)

• (subtraction)

• (multiplication)

/ (division)

While some operators may overlap with keywords (like and, or, not), their fundamental uses differ.